1 From Pre-history to the Crusades
2 From the Crusades to the Renaissance
3 The Protestant Work Ethic and the Rise of Capitalism as Gods Work
4 The Enlightenment: From Leonardo to Galileo
5 The Rise of the East India Trading Companies
6 The “Glorious Revolution” and the BoE
7 Laissez-Faire and John Law’s Premature Invention of “Futures”
8 Classical Economics as Moral Philosophy
9 Bentham and Utilitarianism
10 The Rise of Physics: From Newton to Einstein
11 Energetics
12 Evolutionary Theory and Genetics
13 Entropy, Exergy, Information and Complexity
14 The “Marginal Revolution” in Economics
15 Socialism and the Welfare State
16 Keynes v. Hayek and the Monetarists
17 The Future of Economics and the Economics of the Future
Appendix A: Bio-Geochemical Cycles

The purpose of this book is three-fold. The first purpose is to posit that the fundamental substance of the universe is energy, and that energy is required (consumed) for any material transformation, or information transmission. The labor theory of value, articulated by the physiocrats and elaborated by Adam Smith, David Ricardo, J.B. Say and Karl Marx was a rough first approximation of the value creation process, in the 17th and 18th centuries, but is now obsolete. Labor is now (mostly) performed by machines, not by humans (or animals).
The second aim of the book is to argue that the economy is a living (open) system — an “island of order” –that exists far from both thermodynamic and economic equilibrium. Order is achieved by dissipating a flux of exergy. Economists frequently emphasize the equilibrium assumption, introduced originally by Leon Walras in 1854. But in reality, biological systems and human social systems are dissipative cycles, far from both thermodynamic equilibrium, and economic equilibrium, yet stable and capable of evolution, driven by the solar exergy flux.

The third aim of the book is to re-emphasize, that – being open – the economic system cannot be regarded as a collection of individual competitive utility-maximizing transactions. There are, increasingly, important possibilities for cooperation instead of competition. Moreover third party effects, both “bads” (externalities) and the “public good” (happiness) – need to be incorporated into the socio-economic decision making process.
(Source: https://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/the-history-and-future-of-economics-robert-u-ayres/1142904349)